Atherosclerosis Pulmonary, Abnormal Blood Lipids And...

Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of coronary heart disease which can affect any artery in the body. Atherosclerosis is essentially the narrowing of arteries due to excessive build up of cholesterol-rich lipids known as plaque (Insull 2009). Once the arteries become narrow, the flow of blood will be constricted, resulting in the reduction of the nutrients and oxygen that are able to reach the heart. As a consequence, the heart becomes increasingly hypoxic resulting in ineffective contractions. The aftermath of narrow arteries often poses serious consequences as it has a high probability of causing heart attack, angina, or even stroke (Marieb Hoehn 2010; Insull 2009). Despite the fact that arteries will harden naturally as people age, the rate of plaque development is determined by the number of risk factors (Insull 2009). This essay will discuss and review the procedure in which the risk factors: hypertension, abnormal blood lipids, and smoking took to assist in the developmen t of atherosclerosis. Abnormal blood lipids There are many risk factors which facilitate the development of atherosclerosis; abnormal blood lipids are just one of them. Blood lipids consisted of three components including cholesterol, triglycerides, and two major forms of lipoproteins: high density lipoproteins (HDLs) and Low density lipoproteins (LDLs). One of the critical components which determine the degree of blockage on the arterial walls is the quantity of cholesterolShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Needs Of The World s Population Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesCVD are mediated through changes of blood vessels including fibro-muscular hyperplasia of vessel walls and accelerated arteriosclerosis. Essential hypertension, increases pressure in arteries with no specific medical cause is one of the major risk factor for CVD. It synergistically with other risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, smoking etc., increases the risk for CVDs especially in the elderly. The pathologic effects of increased blood pressure such as endothelial dysfunctionRead MoreDescription Key Terms Of The Movement Of Blood Through The Body Via Veins And Arteries1756 Words   |  8 Pages Perfusion Concept Definition: the movement of blood through the body via veins and arteries to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to remove carbon dioxide and waste. 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Definition of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) COPD is preventable and one of the most common respiratory diseases. COPD characterized by an airflow limitation that is progressive and not fully reversible. It is usually describedRead MoreCase Study : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease2114 Words   |  9 PagesAge: 55, Gender: Male Date of admission: 15/03/2016 Approximate educational level: College Diploma Definition of Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) COPD is one of the most common respiratory diseases. It is characterized by airflow limitation that is progressive, not preventable, and not fully reversible. It is usually describes a mixture of chronic bronchitis (increased mucusRead MoreDisorders Of Endocrine Control Of Growth And Metabolism3277 Words   |  14 Pagesdiseases such as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, the free thyroxine (free T4) lab test is performed usually after discovering that the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level is abnormal (Porth C 2014 p.1288) T4 and T3 usually circulate in the blood bound to protein and only a small percentage is free (not bound). Blood tests can measure total T4, free T4, total T3, or free T3. The total T4 can be affected by the amount of protein available to bind to the hormone. The free T4 test is thought to beRead MoreCoronary Artery Disease: Education And Prevention Of Modifiable2394 Words   |  10 Pagescomplication in which the vessels in the heart are stenosed and hardened, due to plaque buildup. Also, known as Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a main factor contributing to CAD. Plaque sticks to the vessel walls, narrowing the lumen and obstructs blood flow to the heart muscle. Poor myocardial perfusion can lead to ischemia, decreased cardiac output and heart failure. Alongside atherosclerosis, there are other risk factors that contribute to CAD, these can be classified as modifiable and non-modifiableRead MoreThe Effect Of Cardiopulmonary Parameters On Blood Pressure And Lack Of Physical Activity Essay2220 Words   |  9 Pages SYNOPSIS M.P.T Programme 2013-2015 AMITY INSTITUTE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY (AIPT) COMPARE CARDIOPULMONARY PARAMETERS (BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, SpO2 , BMI,INSPIRATORY AND EXPIRATORY CAPACITIES) IN NECK OBESE AND ABDOMINALLY OBESE INDVIDUALS. Name Ankita Samuel Enrollment Number A1102713009 Programme Master of Physiotherapy(2013-2015) Elective Cardiopulmonary Contact Details 9899687131 ankitasamuel@gmail.com Introduction Obesity is a combination of genotype and the environmentRead MoreMyocardil Effusion4228 Words   |  17 Pagesa family history of vasculopathy and a personal history of poorly managed hypertension and smoking (risk factors). In both acute and chronic conditions, the MI represents a dramatic failure of prevention (Daniels (2003)). Peter is a 72 year old, retired gentleman who has: Angina, diabetes mellitus, Coronary Artery Disease and Emphysema. He has had 2 previous MIs in the past, has a well controlled blood pressure and a functional renal system. Peter was a long term smoker and had a regular alcohol

Honesty And Negotiations Is It Best For Success While...

Honesty in Negotiations There are many individuals who believe that he or she must do what it ever it takes to win, this is also true for negotiations. But as honest adults, with personal standards, one must focus on ethically correct actions that lead one to win. These activities involve planning and preparation. These are great tactics that can lead a professional to success while dealing with negotiations or management. There are many other ethically correct tactics that can lead a professional to reach their goals or objectives. Many times when negotiations become stressful or tough, one can easily choose the actions that will questions ones moral principles. Also, such circumstances can easily lead an individual to lye or practice deceptive tactics. Such practices can seem normal if one fails to recognize the difference between right or wrong. One must always remain ready to analyze the situation and tell the difference between right or wrong. By doing so one will apply the co rrect bargaining mix and succeed at doing what is right and at negotiating. When dealing with negotiations, many believe that it is fair to say that certain modifications to ones practices must take part to win a negotiation. These actions or moves must not involve questioning ones ethics. One must remain honest with the other party, this will help negotiations to remain honest during the process. Honesty will send out the right message. This message must show the other party that one is willingShow MoreRelatedLabor Contract Issues Are Challenging For Any Manager3552 Words   |  15 Pagesrepresent the best interest of their constituency ? the general population ? to which they are ultimately responsible. This dynamic creates a necessary tightrope that can be difficult to walk with the administrator desiring to ?play nice? with the employees while at the same time not getting trampled by these same employees from their demands during negotiations. Luckily, a prudent administrator can take steps to navigate this fine line while preparing for the negotiation, during the negotiation and afterRead MoreLabor Contract Issues Are Challenging For Any Manager3557 Words   |  15 Pagesrepresent the best interest of their constituency – the general population – to which they are ultimately responsible. This dynamic creates a necessary tightrope that can be difficult to walk with the administrator desiring to â€Å"play nice† with the employees while at the same time not getting trampled by these same employees from their demands during negotiations. Luckily, a prudent administrator can take steps to navigate this fine line while preparing for the negotiation, during the negotiation and afterRead More Hotel Rwanda Essay example1565 Words   |  7 PagesNegotiator† definitely caught my eye†¦particularly since I had checked the DVD out from the library last Friday but hadn’t yet watched it. Benjamin’s article piqued my i nterest enough to do some additional research on Rwanda, and passion was born. While a colony of Belgium, Rwanda was separated into two tribal groups which many say was based on physical characteristics such as the wideness of the nose: the common Tutsi (majority), and the upper-class Hutu (minority). For many years, the Tutsis wereRead MoreWhat Are The Moral And Ethical Issues Facing Gary?1271 Words   |  6 PagesThe Blue Spider Project Submitted to: Dr. Sheryl L. Hodges Submitted by: Tejaswi Materla 1) What are the moral and ethical issues facing Gary? Open communications, honesty, and integrity in dealing with customers, truth in negotiations, and factual status reporting are some of the critical factors that affect the project execution . There was no open communication between Gary, and Lord Industries or the functional managers regarding the project phase updates. The project started with dishonestyRead MoreThe Leadership And Management Skills1386 Words   |  6 Pagespaper critically draws the examples of the leadership styles of one of the United States most recognized leaders– Abraham Lincoln. Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abraham Lincoln’s leadership style was exemplary, accepting opposition and using his strong negotiation and public speaking dexterity to win numbers rallying behind him and supporting his plea. For one, it is affirmed that Lincoln’s type of leadership led the United States through the great Civil War and even went further in convincing the obstinateRead MoreSenior Human Resources Officer For Entering The Arena Of Negotiation Coaching Recommendations For Executive Leadership Essay1922 Words   |  8 PagesSummary To better prepare the chief human resources officer for entering the arena of negotiation coaching recommendations for executive leadership. Prior to the negotiation the (CHRO) would require that all transactions are represented through a negotiation. This strategy for trade is rehashed and every now and again goes unnoticed. In the event that the mediation is at your demand, furthermore, you will wish to hold oversee beyond what many would consider possible to begin the degree for achievingRead MoreWal-Mart Negotiations with Talley3315 Words   |  14 Pages---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Communication Problem/Issue Identification Effective communication strategies and a well thought out plan of attack are essential elements to any negotiation. Incorporating these two elements will significantly improve the chances of the negotiation ending in favor of the terms sought. 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Communication â€Å"Often the project success is determined not by tag you set at the starts but how you manage the issues as you go along through effective communication† (E) Communication is one of the strongest strategies used to maintain relationship and manage stakeholder expectation ofRead MoreMy Implications and Learned Lessons in Business Negotiation4718 Words   |  19 PagesMy Implications and Learned Lessons in Business Negotiation Being a salesperson like me, I must admit that it is a tough marketplace out there and strong negotiating skills are fundamental to achieving and more importantly sustaining career and business success, particularly within a competitive sales and marketing environment. Those of us who want to achieve better results, both at work and in our private lives, need to develop effective negotiating skills. It is worth to bear in mind that ifRead MoreConflict Management at Miami Dade Public School3247 Words   |  13 Pagesfor students and teacher retention. This paper will investigate a pressing trend occurring within Miami Dade Public School the disruptive behavior of students and how the management of the school uses general conflict management strategies and negotiations to resolve those issues. The solution to get into the top management place is to have an advanced understanding of the profession and its conduct. The majority people who work in trade move to identify the politics and issues in their individual

Water Pollution in Textile Industry Free Essays

Reduction In the con. [amount of chemicals used thereby reducing their harmful effects. Reduction of waste concentration by recovery and reuse. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution in Textile Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reduction of waste concentration by chemical substitution. Reduction of waste concentration by process modification. Segregation of Fenton of each process. Devising suitable treatment for ultimate disposal, to meet the requirements. To explore the economics related to reuse of treated Fenton. Reduction In waste water volume Reducing the number of washing and use of hot water in washings use of counter current washing use of standing bath in dyeing Use of low Liquor Ratio systems Good house keeping and prevention of leakages and spillages (A reduction of 20- 40 volume of wastewater generated Is possible) Reduction In con. / amount of chemicals Optimum use is necessary, which is not always possible in textile processing industry Textile processing involves heterogeneous interactions between fiber material – solid and chemicals – liquid, solutions or emulsions. Essential operations involved in Textile Processing : Maximum penetration of chemicals into fiber material to achieve desired Interactions. Thorough removal of unused/unfixed chemicals and Impurities from the textile material. Because of the heterogeneity of Interaction, only Limited absorption f various types of chemicals and coolants used for chemical processing onto the textile fiber materials is possible. Reduction of waste con. By recovery and reuse of Recovery of synthetic sizing agents from desiring bath and their reuse. Reactive dyes have very low BODY) Multifunctional reactive dyes for better fixation less unfixed Use of non-ionic tessellate fatty alcohols and anionic polymerases in place of alkyl phenol tessellates CEO-friendly stabilizers, sequestrates Use of mineral acid in desiring Use of enzymes in various processes Substitution of sodium sulfide for sulfur dyes Disperse- hydrocarbon carriers No or less kerosene in Pigment Printing Partial or complete replacement of printing gums by suitable emulsions Formaldehyde free cationic dye fixing agent, DEEMED, low formaldehyde Low salt dyes Reduction of waste con. By process modification Use of Foam technology Use of transfer paper printing Combined processes Automatic dispensing Segregation of drain Many a times it is convenient to segregate the waste water of a particular textile wet process for efficient reuse/ recovery of chemicals or dyes. This leads to economy of the process. However it is utmost necessary to have sufficient concentration of the chemical / dye in the waste water that can be economically recovered and put to reuse. If the concentration is too low or if the chemical is cheap, then this technique s ineffective. Devising suitable treatment for ultimate disposal Depends on mode of discharge of effluent. Balance between the capital cost and running cost of treatment. If disposal is into public sewers, preliminary treatment (screening, grit removal and equalization) followed only by primary treatment with chemical coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation will be necessary. If disposal is directly to stream then primary and secondary treatment is necessary. If disposal is on the agriculture land, primary treatment followed by gypsum treatment for reduction of sodium will be necessary. How to cite Water Pollution in Textile Industry, Essays

Social Media and Impact on Consumers Behaviour

Question: Discuss about the Social Media and Impact on Consumers Behaviour. Answer: Introduction: In the recent years, building social media presence has become an integral part of the e-commerce industry. The business firms use social presence to attract new customers and influence their perception. Due to the immense competition in the e-commerce industry companies use social presence to attract new customers and retain the older ones. The e-commerce businesses use blog pages and social media to increase brand awareness and increase the number of potential customers (Rawat and Divekar, 2014). A well-established business in a physical location builds an online presence to increase its sales and expand its customer base beyond the physical location. Many retailers are using internet to increase their product sales and attract more customers to their physical store. The customers use online medium to shop online or view the products and promotional offers offered by the business. It can be stated that online presence provides an advantage to the business organizations to expand their business. The online presence is an expansion of the physical store; however, several considerations are needed to launch a successful online presence. Building an online presence for s business is different from launching a new business online in several ways. The online customers are different from the customers who walk into the physical store. Therefore, it is important for the business to adopt an appropriate strategy for launching online business. The businesses have to launch new strategi es for advertising, pricing and shipping of the products through online mediums. A local firm faces several problems while launching an online business such as language barriers or social differences. For instance a website launching an e-commerce website in another country has to abide by the standardized sizes followed in different countries. Moreover, communicating effectively with online customers in different countries is also challenging for the online vendors (Consumer Dummies, 2016). Rampton (2016) have stated that the before making a purchase decision, a consumer searches about the company and the product online; therefore, the online presence can be stated as the first introduction of the company to the consumers. Thats why it is important for the companies to build a strong online presence. The online presence of a business organization builds its image, reputation and attracts potential customers. However, in the present times, most of the business organizations have an online presence; therefore, the companies must implement some strategies to distinguish themselves from their counterparts. In this regard, a company can create their website and optimize it so that it is mobile friendly. It is important that the website is simple and easy to use. The essential components of a website are an about us page, blog testimonials, blog and a contact address. Secondly, the companies should select a limited number of social channels to communicate with their customers on the basis of business type and communication type. The companies should focus on three most popular businesses LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter. Blogs are also effective in giving a voice to the online brand and building trust with personally connecting with the consumers. Unique and quality content establishes a good reputation of the company. Security in e-commerce payment websites In the recent times, the online shopping has gained immense popularity due to its high accessibility, easy, quick and cheaper methods to make transactions and consumer purchase. The increasing use of the online transactions has raised the issue of internet security and privacy in financial transactions. The majority of the consumers who avoid online transactions do it due to their perception regarding internet security. Therefore, the ability of e-commerce website to build a successful online business is to combat the security threats and modify the consumer perception regarding internet security. In the internet security, the perceived availability, confidentiality and the non-denial of the services are essential components. These factors also play a key decision in the consumer purchase decision and the use of an e-commerce website. The security aspects of the site have implications on the consumers perceived usefulness, ease of use and attitude towards the website (Hartono et al., 2014). The business organizations are also needed to improve the security in online transactions to increase trust and it increases the use of e-commerce. The e-commerce websites must establish technical infrastructure which is resistant to the security attacks. Several technical protections and security protocols are established to protect the system from the security attacks. The security in the e-commerce website is dependent upon several factors, namely, technical infrastructure, transaction factors, such as secure payment according to rules and legal factors. The present security methods include encryption and authentication techniques wherein the identity and privacy of the customers are protected from fraudulent activities. In e-commerce websites, the security of the payment systems can be divided into two components, namely, integrity, which includes authentication of consumers, privacy and transferability, payer tracing and payment confidentiality. The e-commerce websites can incre ase the consumer trust by publishing security statements in which the companies can publish information regarding operations and security statements. It creates the information security which positively contributes to the purchase decision (Nah and Tan, 2016). There are two kinds of security threats in the e-commerce website, namely, the threat to the e-commerce website and the threat to the customers of the e-commerce website. An e-commerce merchandizer has to give highest priority to the security due to the large number of security threats. The merchandizers have to implement the right security in the first time, because it is almost impossible to recover from the security mistakes of the organization. In this regard, the e-commerce companies should store only the essential information of the customers. Several e-commerce websites store excessive information regarding the customers to create market insight; however, if the company loses this information it invites flak and creates distrust among the customers. The company should make a conscious decision to use internal transaction system to process their online decisions. Using external payment system increases the vulnerability of the system and increases the operational cost of the co mpany (Zorzini, 2016). Competitive advantage in e-commerce environment In the contemporary business environment, there is high competition among the business organizations and e-commerce companies due to saturation in the field and marginal profits. The consumers are becoming highly demanding; they want a personalized treatment, and suggestions to the products and services that better suit their needs. Therefore, it has become essential for the e-commerce companies to create a competitive advantage to increase their customer base. In regard to the e-commerce industry, the database marketing is considered as an essential tool for developing the competitive advantage of the companies. It provides the companies with opportunity to connect the customers and the vendors as per the new market trend. The companies can use the database marketing to make available the data in an appropriate structure so that the consumers can access it easily (Kahraman and Sari, 2016). It will improve the performance of the companies and provide them with support in the marketing activities. The database marketing refers to the direct form of marketing herein the companies directly communicates with their customers based on their previous transactions and provide customized suggestions according to their preferences. In the digital economy, the database marketing provides the customers a tool to enhance their market share and gaining competitive advantage (Kahraman and Sari, 2016). Along with it, there are other activities in research and development, production and marketing that enable a business organization to attain competitive advantage. The competitive advantage is referred to the distinctive competencies of a company which enables it to provide efficiency and customer satisfaction. An e-commerce organization can create a competitive advantage by providing superior services in relation to its counterparts. The companies can also offer the products at a lower price to increase customer base. The companies can also use the option of providing services at a local retailer to provide better services to the customers. The companies can better serve the customers who want to look at the merchandize before buying it or the customers who prefer to pick up the products instead of delivery services. The company can save on the delivery charges and simplify the pre-processing before placing the orders. This kind of strategies assists an e-commerce form to different iate itself from its competitors (Lee, 2016). The companies can increase the competitive advantage by enhancing the customer experience by integrating several customer experience strategies. In order to offer satisfactory consumer experience to all the customers, the companies need to design value proposition strategy to its customers. In the strategy development, the customer base should be divided into different segments and a unique value proposition should be developed for each customer. While making a transaction, a customer may interact with the sales person, support staff and the billing department. It is important that all the staff members acknowledge the organization culture of the company and support the company to provide unique experience to the customers. The companies can better develop their customer service strategies by identifying the needs of the consumers. By identifying the needs of the consumers, the company can exceed the expectations of the consumers (Gary, 2017) Consumer behaviour of online customers The major target market for the e-commerce companies is the online customer base. Therefore, recently, several researches are conducted to investigate the behaviour or the online consumers and the key motivational factors that affect the online purchase decision. The factors affecting the online purchase decision are different from the offline factors. Therefore, the marketing tactics employed by the e-business organizations are also different from the offline methods. Although the online shopping experience is quite popular to the consumers who want convenience and rapid transactions, several factors such as lack of trust, the need of examining the product and human interaction prevents them to buy online. The decision-making to buy a product online is also different from the traditional purchase decision. The consumers first see the online advertisements, seeking more information through online channels, comparing the choice of products, searching consumer reviews and brand image a nd at last making the purchase decision ((Veronika, 2013). In this regard, the website stricture, customer reviews and the brand name plays a specific role in the purchase decision. The well-organized information becomes crucial in supporting the purchase decision of thee consumers. The option to compare different products is the unique feature of online shopping. The variety of the products offered, information quality and the sales services are crucial in predicting the online purchase decision. From the above discussion it can be deduced that the major motivating factors in the online shopping are convenience, availability and assortment of the products and services, information availability and saving in terms of cost and time. The major motivating factor in the online shopping is the convenience offered to the consumers. The consumers can access online shopping twenty-four hours. Moreover, the consumers can also avoid online crowds and long queues with online shopping (Veronika, 2013). A few customers also avoid communication with the sales person as they feel uncomfortable to interact with them which increase the use of online shopping. Similarly, the information provided to the online customers is also significant in purchase decision. The consumers cannot physically test the product; therefore, they accumulate as much information as possible from the internet sources. They also access the online consumer reviews to check the viability of purchasing the product. Therefore, it becomes important for the e-commerce websites to provide all the necessary information to the customers. Along with it, the time and the cost efficiency also encourages the consumers to buy products online (Customer Service Skills, 2017). Social media is also an import in encouraging the customers to buy products online. Several e-commerce companies have pages or accounts on the social media that complements the information provided in the merchandizers website. It utilizes the information obtained by the feedback of the consumers and develops the band image of the organization (Ioan?s and Stoica, 2014). Social media marketing The social media marketing is the process of obtaining customers and attention of the online users through social media sites. The online marketers use social media to interact with the consumers and establishing a connection with them. In the social media feeds, new content, news stories are discovered which are basically a search activity and increases the knowledge of the customers of a specific brand. The social media marketing is commonly used by the e-businesses and the online companies to increase the customer base and audience of the company. A company can create a comprehensive social media strategy by following certain guidelines. It is important for a business organization to provide quality content all the time. In the social media marketing, the primary aim of the company is to increase its sales; however, instead of directly asking the consumers, the company should provide qualitative information and content. In the social media marketing, the companies focus on providi ng qualitative content to the consumers; however, the context of advancing the content should also be relevant otherwise the content will be futile in attracting the attention of the consumers (Tuten and Solomon, 2014). In social media marketing, the consumers interact with the companies, other customers and provide their feedback. It is important for the companies to listen to the feedback of their consumers. It will assist the companies in improvising the products and the services offered by them. In addition, most of the consumers post on the social media as they just want to listen. Responding promptly to them and solving the consumers queries will increase the consumer satisfaction in the buying process (Youtube, 2013). The most commonly used social media sites are Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. The companies use these marketing channels to establish marketing communication and achieve branding goals. The companies share videos, content and images to distinguish themselves from their counterparts, establish a brand image, increasing the traffic to the website, lead conversion, establishing a unique brand identity and enhancing the brand conversion. In the social media marketing, planning is t he foremost thing. The companies can emphasize on doing keyword research and research several ideas that can better connect the company to its target market. Moreover, it is also important for the company to create a consistent brand image using the social media. In the social media marketing strategy, the companies use different marketing channels to communicate with their customers. The voice and the environment of each marketing channel is different; however, it is important that the business organizations should create a consistent brand image in all the social media platforms that reflect the core principles of the business. Blogging is also an effective social media strategy to increase the customer base and provide comprehensive information related to the company. The company can blog about contests and events in the companys blog (Singh and Diamond, 2014). Role of Big data and predictive marketing The e-commerce industry is increasingly attracted towards the use of big data to improve the productivity of their operations. The e-commerce companies using big data are having 5-6% higher productivity than the other companies (Akter, Fosso Wamba, 2016). Big data is highly relevant to the companies in the e-commerce industry as it allows tracking the behaviour of one-time user and turning them into repeated consumers. With big data, the companies can utilize the user data in an effective manner and enhance their decision-making in strategic business decisions. With big data, the companies benefit in buyer-consumer interaction and bargaining or sales monitoring. The companies can also identify loyal customers, determining the prices of the product and identifying the quality issues in the products. Big data and predictive modelling brings together the management talent and technology to support the argument that these three are effectively entangled with each other. Therefore, big da ta is a holistic approach that builds the competitive advantage of the company by bringing together source, data and skills (Akter, Fosso Wamba, 2016). According to Edosio (2014), the cheap computing abilities and the prevalence of internet have increased the popularity of big data in e-commerce companies. In the e-commerce industry, data is not considered as a by-product of the business transactions but as key information to provide insight to the consumer behaviour and adapting the search results and advertisements according to the taste of the customers. In the e-commerce industry, the data can be differentiated into structured data and unstructured data. The structured data refers to the regular data that a firm captures, like name, address and age. In contrast to it, the unstructured data refers to the data such as likes, preferences, tweets and videos. It provides key insight to the consumer preference and the social trends. Big data and predictive analysis is also important as the e-commerce industry is a dynamic industry and highly competitive industry. Most of the companies in the e-commerce industry are working at very thin margins; therefore, it is important to them to establish their competitive advantage. In the e-commerce industry, the largest expense comes in the form of consumer acquisition. Since, today the consumers have numerous choices for each product, it becomes critical for the e-commerce companies to convert the lead. In essence, big data and predictive modelling are used to enhance the consumer experience. The companies are using analytics to examine the buying path of consumer and consumer experience. Moreover, the e-commerce companies are using predictive modelling to determine the prices of their products. The companies have to regularly regulate the prices of their products based on the competition and the demand of the product. Predictive modelling is also used to predict what product the consumers are likely to purchase from their shopping behaviour, likes and searches on search engine. A common example of big data in e-commerce business is A/B testing. In this method, the business organizations use two version of web page with different details and use analytics to examine which version will remain more effective (Smith, 2016). References Akter, S. Fosso, Wamba, S. (2016). Big Data Analytics in ECommerce: A Systematic Review and Agenda for Future Research, Electronic Markets, DOI 10.1007/s12525-016-0219-0. Consumer Dummies. (2016). Small Business Marketing Strategies All-In-One For Dummies For Dummies. London: John Wiley Sons. Customer Service Skills. (2017). Customer Service Skills. Keeping.com. [Online]. Available at: https://www.keeping.com/customer-service/customer-service-skills/ [Accessed at: 10 January 2017]. Edosio, U. Z. (2014). Big Data Analytics and its Application in E-Commerce. E-Commerce Technologies, at University of Bradford, 1. Emicion Digital. (2016). Social Media Marketing. [Online]. Available at: https://emociondigital.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Social-Media-Marketing.bmp [Accessed at: 10 January 2017]. Gary, H. (2017). 15 Must-Have Features for E-commerce Sites. Web Development. [Online]. Available at: https://www.searchenginejournal.com/15-must-have-features-for-e-commerce-sites/181974/ [Accessed at: 10 January 2017]. Hartono, E. et al. (2014). Measuring perceived security in B2C electronic commerce website usage: A respecification and validation. Decisions Support Systems, 62, 11-21. Ioan?s, E. and Stoica, I. (2014). Social media and its Impact on Consumers Behaviour. International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories, 4(2), 295-303. Veronika, S. (2013). Motivation of Online Buyer Behaviour. Journal of Competitiveness, 5(3), pp. 14-30. Jantsch, J. (n.d.). 7 Essential Stages of Building a Total Online Presence. Duct tape Marketing. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ducttapemarketing.com/7-essential-stages-of-building-a-total-online-presence/ [Accessed on: 8 January, 2017]. Kahraman, C. and Sari, I.U. (2016). Intelligence Systems in Environmental Management: Theory and Applications. Berlin: Springer. Lee, I. (2016). Encyclopedia of E-Commerce Development, Implementation, and Management. Illinois: IGI Global. Nah, F.F. and Tan, C. (2016). HCI in Business, Government, and Organizations: eCommerce and Innovation: Third International Conference, HCIBGO 2016, Held as Part of HCI International. Springer. Rampton. J. (2016). 4 Ways to Grow Your Online Presence and Find More Customers. Forbes. [Online.] Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnrampton/2016/02/04/4-ways-to-grow-your-online-presence-and-find-more-customers/#3a1231be1687 [Accessed on: 8 January 2017]. Rawat, S. and Divekar, R. (2014). Developing a Social Media Presence Strategy for an E-commerce Business.Procedia Economcs and Finance 11, pp. 626-634. Singh, S., and Diamond, S. (2014). Social Media Marketing For Dummies. London: John Wiley Sons. Smith, M. (2016). Understanding Your Customer Using Data Analytics. [Online]. Available at: https://www.toptechnews.com/article/index.php?story_id=03200101IHK0 [Accessed at: 9 January 2017]. Tuten, T.L., and Solomon, M.R. (2014). Social Media Marketing. London: SAGE. Youtube. (2013).The Future of Social Media Marketing w/ Gary Vaynerchuk. [Online]. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Qy9aLqhxcc [Accessed at: 10 January 2017]. Zorzini, C. (2016). Essentials of Ecommerce Security. Ecommerce-platforms.com. [Online]. Available at: https://ecommerce-platforms.com/ecommerce-selling-advice/essentials-ecommerce-security [Accessed at: 9 January 2017].

Choosing between Eurobonds and Foreign Bonds

Eurobond Eurobond is a bond issued in a denomination which is different than the currency of the country in which it is actually issued. Mostly, these bonds are issued internationally by syndicates and are then classified on the basis of their currency denomination.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Choosing between Eurobonds and Foreign Bonds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An example of Eurobond can be, for instance, a bond which is denominated in Great Britain Pounds, which is issued in the United States but by a Canadian company. In this scenario, the Canadian company is at liberty to issue these bonds from any other country (Eiteman, Stonehill, Moffett, 2010; Baker Martin, 2011; Arnold Kumar, 2008). Foreign Bond Foreign bond is a bond issued by a business entity in the financial market of a country which is other than its parent country. For such foreign bonds, the denomination is in the local currency of the country where these bonds are issued and they are regulated by local regulations. The major reason for issuing foreign which bonds is to obtain finance from a foreign financial market. Those foreign business enterprises which have a significant portion of their operations in foreign countries usually issue foreign bonds regularly in such foreign countries (Eiteman, Stonehill, Moffett, 2010; Baker Martin, 2011; Arnold Kumar, 2008). Choosing between Eurobonds and Foreign Bonds Eurobonds constitute more than 80 % of the overall bond market in the world. The primary reason behind this fact is that a majority of bonds in the global bond market are denominated by United States dollar and US dollar is the most prevalent currency all over the world. Same is the case with Eurobonds as a majority of them are denominated in the US dollar. Eurobonds, in comparison with foreign bonds, can be introduced in the financial market more swiftly as they do not require compliance with the regulat ions and other requirements of Securities and Exchange Commission. Moreover, Eurobonds can be transacted by a bearer, thereby resulting in an opportunity to avoid taxation on the income earned by the bearer. It is due to this reason that investors are always ready for lower returns on these bonds in comparison to earning high amounts on other bonds, which require registration and compliance with other regulations. Having considered these advantages associated with Eurobonds, it is desirable that Eurobonds are used when seeking debt financing in international markets (Eiteman, Stonehill, Moffett, 2010; Arnold Kumar, 2008; Baker Martin, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The post made by MNO regarding different types of bonds is comprehrensive in a way that it provides examples of Eurobond, Foreign Bond and Yankee Bond. I agree to the information provided in this post. In response, it would be interesting to note that all foreign bonds are regulated by the respective country’s regulations therefore for companies to raise finance in the international market is not an easy option. They must have a strong legal and finance team to ensure that they fulfill the requirements of those requirements. However, it has been noted that companies which have high levels of exchange income tend to raise funds by issuing foreign bonds. Foreign bond markets are becoming extensively internationalized and high compeition in international bond markets have put great pressure on domestic markets and their participants. One of the factors that play an important role in attracting bond issuers is the cost associated with the issuance of bonds. In Europe, this cost has declined much faster as compared to the US making European markets attractive (Black Munro, 2010). Also, an interesting point has been raised about risks involved in raising funds via foreign bonds by XYZ. Some of these risks are related to the issuance of bonds by inexperienced non-financial companies, exposure to exchange rate deviations, and covered interest parity (CIP) (Black Munro, 2010). Reference Arnold, G., Kumar, M. (2008). Corporate Financial Management. New Delhi: Pearson Education India. Baker, H. K., Martin, G. S. (2011). Capital Structure and Corporate Financing Decisions. New York: Kolb Series in Finance. Eiteman, D., Stonehill, A., Moffett, M. (2010). Multinational Business Finance. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Choosing between Eurobonds and Foreign Bonds specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Black, S., Munro, A. (2010, July 6). Why issue bonds offshore? Retrieved from Bank for International Settlements: https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap52e.pdf This essay on Choosing between Eurobonds and Foreign Bonds was written and submitted by user Harlow Kirk to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Shadows of Auschwitz

Shadows of Auschwitz The Holocaust was from 1933 to 1939, where the Nazi’s made it their lifelong duty to ruin Jewish people. It started in 1933 by new German laws forcing Jewish people to quit certain jobs. In 1935, German Jews were stripped of their citizenship. Eventually, anti-Jewish regulations made it to where the Jewish couldn’t attend public schools, or walk in certain sections of German cities. Their businesses and properties were either seized or they were forced to sell them at bargain prices. Finally, the Nazi’s turned to physical destruction. They arrested Jewish men, and murdered innocent individuals. This riot became known as Kristallnacht, or the ‘Night of broken glass’. At Witness and Legacy, one collage, which I was very awe-struck by, was in it’s own separate room. The piece is called ‘Shadows of Auschwitz’, by Pearl Hirshfield. The equivocal space she uses is amazing. When you walk into the room, the walls are black, making it completely dark. The floor is a plane, also painted black. There are lines on the floor painted to make it look like a railroad track. All the colors she uses are neutral, mostly blacks or grays. To the left, there is a kinetic piece, consisting of a halogen lamp, and around the light is a revolving black thing about 3 inches wide. When it revolves around the light, you see the halogen light, and when the black part covers it, it shadows the room. It also makes shadows constantly move about the room. To the right is a representational structure that looks like a wooden fence, with slots in between each fence post. On the fence slots, there are images of a train. This is all the width of a hallway, about 30 feet long. At the back of the room, on the wall is written ‘Beyond the fence stand the Lords of Death, and not far away the train is waiting’. On the other side of the room, facing the opposite direction is more of the collage. On the opposit... Free Essays on Shadows Of Auschwitz Free Essays on Shadows Of Auschwitz Shadows of Auschwitz The Holocaust was from 1933 to 1939, where the Nazi’s made it their lifelong duty to ruin Jewish people. It started in 1933 by new German laws forcing Jewish people to quit certain jobs. In 1935, German Jews were stripped of their citizenship. Eventually, anti-Jewish regulations made it to where the Jewish couldn’t attend public schools, or walk in certain sections of German cities. Their businesses and properties were either seized or they were forced to sell them at bargain prices. Finally, the Nazi’s turned to physical destruction. They arrested Jewish men, and murdered innocent individuals. This riot became known as Kristallnacht, or the ‘Night of broken glass’. At Witness and Legacy, one collage, which I was very awe-struck by, was in it’s own separate room. The piece is called ‘Shadows of Auschwitz’, by Pearl Hirshfield. The equivocal space she uses is amazing. When you walk into the room, the walls are black, making it completely dark. The floor is a plane, also painted black. There are lines on the floor painted to make it look like a railroad track. All the colors she uses are neutral, mostly blacks or grays. To the left, there is a kinetic piece, consisting of a halogen lamp, and around the light is a revolving black thing about 3 inches wide. When it revolves around the light, you see the halogen light, and when the black part covers it, it shadows the room. It also makes shadows constantly move about the room. To the right is a representational structure that looks like a wooden fence, with slots in between each fence post. On the fence slots, there are images of a train. This is all the width of a hallway, about 30 feet long. At the back of the room, on the wall is written ‘Beyond the fence stand the Lords of Death, and not far away the train is waiting’. On the other side of the room, facing the opposite direction is more of the collage. On the opposit... Free Essays on Shadows of Auschwitz Shadows of Auschwitz The Holocaust was from 1933 to 1939, where the Nazi’s made it their lifelong duty to ruin Jewish people. It started in 1933 by new German laws forcing Jewish people to quit certain jobs. In 1935, German Jews were stripped of their citizenship. Eventually, anti-Jewish regulations made it to where the Jewish couldn’t attend public schools, or walk in certain sections of German cities. Their businesses and properties were either seized or they were forced to sell them at bargain prices. Finally, the Nazi’s turned to physical destruction. They arrested Jewish men, and murdered innocent individuals. This riot became known as Kristallnacht, or the ‘Night of broken glass’. At Witness and Legacy, one collage, which I was very awe-struck by, was in it’s own separate room. The piece is called ‘Shadows of Auschwitz’, by Pearl Hirshfield. The equivocal space she uses is amazing. When you walk into the room, the walls are black, making it completely dark. The floor is a plane, also painted black. There are lines on the floor painted to make it look like a railroad track. All the colors she uses are neutral, mostly blacks or grays. To the left, there is a kinetic piece, consisting of a halogen lamp, and around the light is a revolving black thing about 3 inches wide. When it revolves around the light, you see the halogen light, and when the black part covers it, it shadows the room. It also makes shadows constantly move about the room. To the right is a representational structure that looks like a wooden fence, with slots in between each fence post. On the fence slots, there are images of a train. This is all the width of a hallway, about 30 feet long. At the back of the room, on the wall is written ‘Beyond the fence stand the Lords of Death, and not far away the train is waiting’. On the other side of the room, facing the opposite direction is more of the collage. On the opposit...

Basic Senior Year Financial Questions Assignment - 1

Basic Senior Year Financial Questions - Assignment Example Net present value recognizes time value of money and such appreciates that a shilling now is more valuable than a shilling tomorrow and the two can only be compared if they are at their present value. This is another modern method of discounting cash flow because the technique uses the principle of NPV. It is defined as the rate which the present value of cash outflows of an investment equates the initial capital invested. IRR will accept a venture if its IRR is higher than or equal to the minimum required rate of return which is usually the cost of finance also known as the cut off rate or hurdle rate, and in this case IRR will be the highest rate of interest a firm would be ready to pay to finance a project using borrowed funds and without being financially worse off by paying back the loan (the principal and accrued interest) out of the cash flows generated by that project. Thus, IRR is the break-even rate of borrowing from commercial banks. This method gauges the viability of a venture by taking the inflows and outflows over time to ascertain how soon a venture can payback and for this reason PBP (or payout period or payoff) is that period of time or duration it will take an investment venture to generate sufficient cash inflows to payback the cost of such investment. This is a popular approach among the traditional financial managers because it helps them ascertain the time it will take to recoup in form of cash from operations the original cost of the venture. This method is usually an important preliminary screening stage of the viability of the venture and it may yield clues to profitability although in principle it will measure how fast a venture may payback rather than how much a venture will generate in profits and yet the main objectives of an investment is not to recoup the original cost but also to earn a profit for the owners or

Recent developments in the treatment of asthma Essay

Recent developments in the treatment of asthma - Essay Example Asthma is known to have caused by various factors. These include allergens, irritants, and other factors. The signs and symptoms of asthma are unpredictable and vary from one person to another. The four levels of asthma identified depending on the symptoms are: mild intermittent asthma, mild persistent asthma, moderate persistent asthma, and severe persistent asthma. Asthma is diagnosed by spirometry, allergy testing, peak flow meter, chest x – rays and electrocardiogram, and tests to determine how airways would react to exercise, presence of gastroesophageal reflux disease, and presence of sinus disease. Patients must work together with their health care providers in order to achieve the goal of asthma control. The two types of medicine used to control asthma: Quick relief medicines and Long term control medicines. Asthma is a poorly understood, highly complex disease whose main cause remains unknown (Steinke et al, 2001). The pathogenesis and susceptibility of asthma involves interplay between genetic and environmental factors that are complex in nature (Laprise, et al, 2004). Butz et al. (2000) noted that asthma is the most common long – term childhood disease. Laprise, et al (2004) and Kips (2001) stated that the interaction of cytokines regulates inflammation of the airways and process of remodeling that are present in milder form of asthma. These govern the appearance of asthma as well as the severity of symptoms of airway responsiveness (Laprise, 2004). Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease affecting the airways. In asthma, the airways become swollen making them sensitive and react to various allergens and lung irritants. As a result, the airways react by becoming narrower making the air flowing to the lung tissues decreased. Consequently, symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, tightening of the chest, and breathing difficulty especially at night and early morning are manifested (Jeffery, et al., 2006; Courtney, et

Option Pricing Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Option Pricing Theory - Essay Example An option provides the buyer the right to buy or sale the quantity of goods he or she wants at a fixed price known as the strike price. Since the process of buying an option is optional, the holder can choose not to buy or sale the assets. There are two options these are; right to buy and right to sale. Options can come in several varieties like; a put option, gives the seller an underlying price to sale an option (Bostock, 2004). A call option gives its holder the right to buy an option on its set price; these options depend on when the option is offered. Therefore, the paper aims at giving a theoretical analysis of option pricing theory. 2.2 Research questions The paper focuses on two main research questions; to determine the effects of option pricing theory and to explore ways of improving option pricing theory. 2.3 Significance of the research The research targets businessmen who take part in buying and selling of options using the option pricing theories. The research findings w ill provide them with the basis of calculating option prices. The study mainly delimits itself to the two option pricing theories (Black-Scholes model and binomial pricing option models). ... Broadie and Detemple (2000) in their research provided a suggestion that binomial models are modified by replacing the binomial prices with the tree diagram analysis using the the Black-Scholes values, or by making it easy to payoff stocks at maturity, and the other option prices as usual. The major disadvantages of this model is that the option price converges; a result of changes that may take place in the prices. In order to obtain solutions that are exact, the Standard Richardson extrapolation may be applied . Burn (2003) states that, although the option pricing models were used. their patterns of convergent and rate of convergence for calculating the option ratios are not well described. Hull method and extended model can be used to come up with monotonic convergence using as the formula for coming up with deltas and gammas and deltas in this model.He adds that the models can be improved by introducing a more advanced formula, to improve the computation of the hedge ratios while calculation option pricing. The Central Limit Theorem, states that, the actual distribution of prices under the Black-Scholes model converges to its continuous-time limit. For instance, the price distribution of the model converges to a lognormal distribution. Similarly, binomial option prices calculated also converge to the Black-Scholes price. . N-Cumulative Standard normal distribution function r- rate of return (risk free) T-time (up to expiry in years) S-current stock price o- volatility of stock q- strike price Broadie and Detemple (2000) in their evaluation suggested for a binomial model called Binomial Black and Scholes model to price options. This model is identical to the Cox, Ross and Rubinsten (CRR) model apart from

Theories of Job Satisfaction and Organisational Commitment

Theories of Job Satisfaction and Organisational Commitment Job satisfaction Job satisfaction can be described as a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the individual’s job or job experiences (Locke, 1976). Job satisfaction is a topic of wide interest to both people who work in organisations and people who study them. It is a most frequently studied variable in organisational behaviour research, and also a central variable in both research and theory of organisational phenomena ranging from job design to supervision (Spector, 1997). Traditionally, job satisfaction focuses on the feelings that an individual has about their job. However, what makes a job satisfying or dissatisfying does not depend only on the nature of the job, but also on the expectations that individuals have of what their job should provide (Lu, While Barriball, 2004). Organisational Commitment Organisational commitment has been defined as the degree to which employees believe in and accept organisational goals and desire to remain with the organisation (Mathis Jackson, 2000). Similarly, Wright and Noe (1996) defined organisational commitment as â€Å"the degree or extent to which employees strongly identify with the organisation and feel attached to it.† Although there are a variety of different definitions for organisational commitment, they all share the view that organisational commitment is a psychological state that characterises an employee’s relationship with their organisation and has implications for that employee continuing membership in the organisation (Meyer Allen, 1997). However, what differs among these definitions is the nature of the psychological state being described (Mowday, Steers Porter, 1979; Wiener, 1982). In order to acknowledge the different psychological states,Meyer and Allen (1991)developed a three-component model of organisati onal commitment. The first component is affective commitment, which refers to an employee’s â€Å"emotional attachment to, identification with, and involvement in an organisation† (Meyer Allen, 1991). The second component is continuance commitment, which involves the employee’s perceptions of the costs associated with leaving an organisation. The last component is normative commitment, which refers to an employee’s feelings of obligation to stay in the organisation. Organisational Citizenship Behaviours Organisational citizenship behaviours (OCBs) are voluntary employee behaviours that are not formally rewarded by the organisation, but contribute to either the success of the whole organisation or to the well-being of other employees (Borman Motowidlo, 1993). Examples of OCBs include: helping colleagues with their work, helping new members of staff, talking positively about the organisation to outsiders, and voluntarily going to functions that help the organisation’s image (Lee Allen, 2002). Research on OCB’s have shown that they are important as they improve both individual level (Rotundo Sackett, 2002) and organisational-level performance outcomes (Podsakoff, Whiting, Podsakoff, Blume, 2009). It has been suggested that there are five different categories of OCBs including altruism, courtesy conscientiousness, civic virtue, and sportsmanship (Organ, 1988). Furthermore, OCBs have been divided into two different types. Williams and Anderson (1991) divided up the dime nsions based on who the behaviours were directed towards. If the behaviour was directed towards other individuals in the workplace, there were classified as Organisational citizenship behaviour–individuals (OCBI), while behaviours directed at the organisation as a whole were classified as organisational citizenship behaviour-organisational (OCBO). For example, categories of OCBs such as altruism and courtesy are actions aimed at other employees and would therefore be classified as OCBIs.Whereas, conscientiousness, civic virtue, and sportsmanship are behaviours intended for the benefit of the organisation and would therefore be considered as OCBOs. Core Self-Evaluation sub-traits and their relation to organisational citizenship behaviour, job satisfaction and organisational commitment. There are a lack of studies linking the core self-evaluations factor to organisational citizenship behaviours. However, three of the core traits: self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability, are the most widely studied personality traits in personality and applied psychology (Judge Bono, 2001). In total, self-esteem, locus of control, and emotional stability have been the subject of more than 50,000 studies (Judge et al, 2002). Self-esteem is used to describe an individual’s overall self-evaluation of their competencies (Rosenberg, 1965). Simply put, self-esteem is a personal evaluation which reflects what people think of themselves as individuals. For example, Korman (1970) states that self-esteem reflects the degree to which the individual â€Å"sees themselves as a competent, need-satisfying individual†. Therefore, an individual with high self-esteem has a â€Å"sense of personal adequacy and a sense of having achieved need satisfaction in the past† (Korman, 1966). As well as the reflecting component of self-esteem, Pelham and Swann (1989) explain that self-esteem also consists of an affective (liking/disliking) component. For example, individuals with high self-esteem like who and what they are; agreeing with statements such as â€Å"I am a person of worth, on an equal plane with others† and â€Å"I am satisfied with myself† (Rosenberg, 1965). Overall, it is the self-e valuation and descriptive conceptualisation that individuals make and maintain about themselves. Locus of control refers to an individuals’ perception of the main causes of events in life. It can be divided into two categories: internal locus of control and external locus of control. Individuals with an internal locus of control believe that they have control over the events and consequences associated with their lives, such as control over their own destinies. Therefore, they believe that the majority of their life experiences are determined by their own skills, abilities, and efforts. Whereas those with an external locus of control believe that life events are the result of circumstances outside their control. They believe that their destinies are controlled by external forces such as luck, chance, fate, or powerful others (Paulhus, 1983; Rotter, 1966). Emotional stability or neuroticism is perhaps the most enduring personality concept in psychology, as it is one of the dimensions of the widely studied five-factor model of personality. There are thousands of studies on the topic and the entire field of psychoanalysis and clinical psychology might be traced to the study of neurotic symptoms (Freud, 1910). Emotional stability represents individual differences in the tendency to experience distress (McCrae John, 1992). Typical behaviours associated with this factor include being anxious, depressed, angry, embarrassed, emotional, worried, and insecure (Barrick Mount, 1991). Generalised self-efficacy is described as an individual’s estimate of their fundamental ability to cope, perform, and be successful. This can be seen as the ability to persist and a persons ability to succeed with a task. As an example, self-efficacy directly relates to how long someone will stick to a workout regime or a diet. High and low self-efficacy determine whether or not someone will choose to take on a challenging task or write it off as impossible. Relation of Self-Esteem, Locus of Control, Neuroticism, and Generalised Self-Efficacy to Job Satisfaction. Judge et al. (1997) hypothesised that core self-evaluations would be related to job satisfaction through both direct and indirect means. Indeed, Judge et al (1998) found that the four traits, treated as a single latent construct, were significantly related to job satisfaction. This study also found that self-esteem, generalised self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism were each independently significantly correlated with job satisfaction. Therefore, suggesting both direct and indirect links with job satisfaction. Despite the vast amount of research on dispositions and job satisfaction, Judge and Bono (2001) found there were no meta-analysis of the relationship between any of the four traits and job satisfaction. The relationships of these traits to job satisfaction had been discussed in reviews of the literature with respect to self-esteem (Tharenou, 1979), locus of control (Spector, 1982), and emotional stability (Furnham Zacherl, 1986), however the size and extent of these relationships, and the variability in these relationships across studies, had not been established. Therefore, Judge and Bono (2001) conducted a meta-analysis of 169 correlations. The found that the correlations of the core traits with job satisfaction ranged from 0.24 for emotional stability to 0.45 for generalised self-efficacy. All of these correlations generalised across studies (more than 90% of the individual correlations were greater than zero). Other research has also supported these finding, for example, studies have suggested that LOC is a significant predictor of job satisfaction (Judge, Erez, Bono, Thoresen, 2003), whereby individuals with an internal LOC reported higher levels of job satisfaction (Martin, Thomas, Charles, Epitro McNamara, 2005). Furthermore, several studies have shown that direct measures of neuroticism are negatively related to job satisfaction (Furnham Zacherl, 1986; Smith, Organ, Near, 1983; Tokar Subich, 1997), indicating that individuals with high neuroticism have lower job satisfaction. Moreover, there are theoretical reasons to expect a positive relationship between the four sub-traits and job satisfaction. In the case of self-esteem, Locke, McClear and Knight (1996) posited that, A person with a high self-esteem will view a challenging job as a deserved opportunity which he can master and benefit from, whereas a person with low self-esteem is more likely to view it as an undeserved opportunity or a chance to fail. Research has in fact supported this, suggesting that individuals with high self-esteem maintain optimism in the face of failure, which makes future success and future satisfaction more likely (Dodgson Wood, 1998). Another theoretical mechanism linking these traits to job satisfaction is suggested by Kormans (1970) self-consistency theory. Kormans theory predicts that individuals with high self-esteem choose occupations consistent with their interests, which would lead to greater levels of job satisfaction. More generally, Kormans theory predicts that hi gh self-esteem individuals will engage in a broad array of behaviours and cognitions that reinforce their self-concept. Similarly, Spector (1982) suggested that individuals with an internal locus of control should be more job satisfied because they are less likely to stay in a dissatisfying job and are more likely to be successful in organisations. With respect to neuroticism, McCrae and Costa (1991) noted that neuroticism is related to lower well-being because individuals who score high on neuroticism are predisposed to experience negative affects. Negative affect, in turn, is negatively related to job satisfaction (Brief, 1998; Spector, 1997). Finally, Judge et al. (1997) argued that generalised self-efficacy should affect job satisfaction through its association with practical success on the job. Because individuals with high self-efficacy deal more effectively with difficulties and persist in the face of failure (Gist Mitchell, 1992), they are more likely to attain valued outco mes and thus derive satisfaction from their jobs. Relation of Self-Esteem, Locus of Control, Neuroticism, and Generalised Self-Efficacy to Organisational Commitment. The four sub-traits have also been studied independently with regards to their relationship with organisational commitment. In terms of self-esteem, a review of the literature by Pierce Gardner (2004) identified several studies which report a significant and positive relationship between self-esteem and organisational commitment (Gardner Pierce, 1998, 2001; Lee, 2003; Phillips Hall, 2001; Ragins Cornwell, 2000; Riordan, Weatherly, Vandenberg Self, 2001; Tang Ibrahim, 1998; Tang, Kim O’Donald, 2000; Tang, Singer Roberts, 2000; Van Dyne Pierce, 2004). Correlations range between .12 and .64. These findings suggest that employees with high levels of self-esteem are more committed to their organisations than those individuals with low self-esteem. There are also some studies relating an individual’s locus of control to organisational commitment. Coleman, Irving, and Cooper (1999) conducted a study on the relationship between locus of control and organisational commitment. The results revealed that internal locus of control was related to affective commitment, while external locus of control was associated with continuance commitment. Furthermore, a study by Igbeneghu Popool (2011) provides empirical evidence to show that locus of control has a significant inverse relationship with organisational commitment. These findings are similar to research done two decades ago in which organisational commitment was found to be positively related to internal locus of control (Luthans, Baack, Taylor, 1987). Neuroticism has been found to be significantly related to organisational commitment (Erdheim, Wang Zickar, 2006). Cui (2010) found that neuroticism was significantly related to the continuance commitment part of organisational commitment. It has been shown that neurotic individuals tend to experience more negative life events than other individuals (Magnus, Diener, Fujita, Pavot, 1993). These findings directly relate to continuance commitment, which may develop out of an employee’s fear of the costs associated with leaving their current position (Meyer Allen, 1997). This is to the extent that when negative events occur in a highly neurotic individual’s job, the individual may feel more apprehensive about facing a new work environment that could provide even harsher experiences. Therefore, they are more likely to have high levels of continuance commitment. Once again, research found that self-efficacy was a significant predictor of organisational commitment (Bogler Somech, 2004). Saleem, Saba Adnan (2012) explored self-efficacy as a predictor of organisational commitment among bank employees. Correlational and multiple regression analyses indicated that self-efficacy was significantly positively correlated organisational commitment. Wu and Short (1996), who studied the relationship between teacher empowerment and teacher job commitment and job satisfaction, found that among the six subscales that compose the teacher empowerment scale (SPES), professional growth, self-efficacy and status were significant predictors of organisational commitment. Relation of Self-Esteem, Locus of Control, Neuroticism, and Generalised Self-Efficacy to Organisational Citizenship Behaviour. The four sub-traits have also been studied separately in relation to organisational citizenship behaviour. Again, Pierce Gardner’s (2003) review found various studies showing that self-esteem was related to organisational citizenship behaviour. For example, Tang, Davis, Dolinski, Ibrahim, Sutarso Wagner (2002) examined self-esteem and organisational citizenship behaviours with samples in the United States, Taiwan, Poland, and Egypt. In both their US and non-US samples they found significant and positive relationship between self-esteem and organisational citizenship behaviour. Van Dyne and Pierce (2004) who used both supervisor and peer ratings of citizenship behaviour, reported significant relationships between self-esteem and organisational citizenship behaviours. Self-esteem has been found to have significant relationships with both dimensions of organisational citizenship behaviours: altruism and compliance (Tang Ibrahim, 1998). Chattopadhyay (1999) observed a positive and significant relationship between self-esteem and altruism. Chattopadhyay and George (2001) also observed a positive relationship between self-esteem and altruism in their study of employees in a computer manufacturer. Furthermore, studies such as Lee (2003) looked at the five dimensions of citizenship behaviour (i.e., altruism, conscientiousness, courtesy, sportsmanship, and civic virtue) and found significant relationships between self-esteem and acts of good organisational citizenship. Tang, Singer, Roberts (2000) investigated the effect that public (other serving) and private (self-serving) motives on altruistic and conscientiousness acts of organisational citizenship, and found a positive relationship between public motives and self-esteem, and a negative relationship for private motives. They also report a positive relationship between self-esteem and both dimensions (altruism and conscientiousness) of citizenship behaviour. Overall, across this set of studies self-esteem correlated with organisational citizenship behaviour in the range between .23 for compliance and .83 for altruism, indicating that self-esteem has a more significant relationship with the altruistic dimension of OCBs. Two studies have found empirical support for the relationship between locus of control and citizenship performance. Motowidlo and Van Scotter (1994) reported a significant correlation (r = .26) between internal locus of control and organisational citizenship performance. More recently, Funderberg and Levy (1997) found a .33 correlation between locus of control and self-reports on the altruism dimension of OCB, but a negative correlation of .34 with peer ratings on the same OCB dimension. Facteau, Allen, Facteau, Bordas Tears, (2000) found low negative correlations between locus of control and citizenship performance. Neuroticism (emotional instability) has a negative relationship with citizenship behaviour. Those who score high in neuroticism tend to be more preoccupied with their own anxieties and presumably do not have the emotional stamina to concern themselves with others problems or general system requirements unrelated to their own immediate needs (Smith, Organ Near, 1983). Bogler Somech (2004) found that self-efficacy was a significant predictor of OCB. Their results showed that self-efficacy, significantly predicted organisational commitment. The importance of self-efficacy as a predictor of all three outcomes can be understood if we relate to the original concept of self-efficacy developed by Bandura (1977). According to Bandura, self-efficacy is based on two dimensions that he labelled ‘‘outcome expectancy’’ and ‘‘efficacy expectancy’’. ‘‘Outcome expectancy’’ implies that an individual estimates that a given behaviour will result in certain outcomes. ‘‘Efficacy expectations’’ refer to behaviours toward the expected outcomes. Not surprisingly, where teachers report higher levels of self-efficacy, they exhibit more organisational behaviours. Teachers who have high expectations of themselves to perform effectively and successfully in school will car ry out extra functions beyond the formal ones and will feel more committed to their school and to the teaching profession.

Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono) :: essays research papers

Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It is a double stranded DNA virus indistinguishable from other members of the herpes virus group. It get its’ name from the mononuclear (single nucleus) cells. It is also known as the â€Å"kissing disease†, because the most frequent mode of transmission is intimate salivary contact. It can also be transmitted from shared drinking and eating utensils, toothbrushes, etc. Mono is not likely to spread by aerosol (ex. sneezing) or fomites (ex. doorknobs). About half the population is not exposed to this virus until late adolescence. The peak incidence for girls is 14-16 and boys 16-18. After initial contact with the virus, there is an incubation period of 4-6 weeks and then the symptoms start appearing. Symptoms include fever, sore throat and lymph adenopathy (swollen and tender lymph nodes). Mono may be called glandular fever as well because of the swelling in the lymph nodes. Fevers can get as high as 102 degrees Fahrenheit and may remain high for 3-4 weeks. Other symptoms include enlargement of the spleen and liver, fatigue, loss of appetite, periorbital edema (swelling of the tissue around the eyes), petechiae (tiny bruising like spots on the roof of mouth), and a fine rash. The white blood cell and liver enzyme counts are elevated, and anemia can occur with low platelet counts. Diagnosis is made based on the clinical picture and the hematological features. A sample of the patients’ blood is mixed with sheep’s blood and if the patient has mono, the sheep’s blood cells will stick together. Antibodies to sheep or horse red blood cells are positive in 90% of cases. Mono is not a fatal disease, but there is no specific antiviral therapy. Doctors will most likely prescribe much rest. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are sometimes used to relieve aches and manage the fevers, but the use of aspirin is not recommended due to the link to Reye’s syndrome. Corticosteroids are used to reduce the amount of tonsillar swelling and intravenous rehydration is necessary. Patients are cautioned to avoid contact sports for 6 weeks after recovery to avoid the risk of spleen rupture. Most cases of mono resolve without complication, but some rarely occur. Complications are tonsillar enlargement, which can cause respiratory obstruction; rupture of spleen; encephalitis, an infection of the brain tissue; Galen-Barer syndrome, a progressive and sequential worsening syndrome of weakness and paralysis; hemolytic anemia, the red blood cells are destroyed; uvetis, an eye involvement; myocarditis, an inflammation of heart muscle; pneumonia; hephritis, a kidney infection; and Reye’s syndrome; a severe neurological syndrome.